River Deltas
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River Deltas are a Landform where large-river Floodplains meet the tidal waters of the Salish Sea. Many have been heavily modified for Agriculture and Urban or Industrial land uses. When deltas are disconnected from rivers the land surface subsides and Flood Hazard Management becomes ongoing work, particulary under Sea Level Rise. River Delta environments are unique in their Hydrodynamics. They provide a nexus of Biodiversity and play a critical role as nuseries for Fish particulary Salmon. River Deltas have become a focus of Restoration, which requires Acquisition of land and conversion from other uses, particularly Agriculture.
Notes
- Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project generated a large body of work describing river deltas.
- The Skagit Delta has been a focus of study (in part under the Intensively Monitored Watersheds).
- River Delta Restoration has been an intensive focus of multiple Funding programs.
- Starting with the Skagit, but expanding to other systems, understanding River Delta Restoration and Salmon Populations has been critical objective of Research and Monitoring.
High-Level Delta Pages
- River Delta Restoration and Hydrodynamics
- Effects of River Delta Restoration on Salmon Populations
- River Delta Use By Salmon
- Whidbey Basin Estuary Restoration Monitoring
River Deltas
River Delta Topic Pages
These are more detailed topic pages that are not Architecture and Content Pages
- Fish Sampling Design in River Deltas
- River Delta Flood Management and Drainage
- Development of Tidal Channels Following Restoration
- River Delta Channel Structure
- Delta Sediment Dynamics and Vegetation
- River Delta Reference List
- River Delta Accretion and Sea Level Rise
- Restoration of Woody Tidal Swamp on River Deltas
- River Delta Biodiversity and Food Webs
- Tide Gate Effects on Salmonid Passage and Utilization
- Beneficial Use of Dredge Materials
- Delta Management for Waterfowl
- River Delta Restoration
- Runnel Excavation
- River Delta Restoration Monitoring
Restoration Efforts
- Automating Landscape Connectivity for Puget Sound River Deltas and Pocket Estuaries
- Blue Heron Mitigation Bank
- Deepwater Slough Restoration
- Designing large wood placement in tidal marshes
- Effects of Exposed Tidal Flats on Water Temperature in the Snohomish Estuary
- Estuary Restoration for Northern Puget Sound Birds
- Evaluating Salmon Rearing Limitations in River Deltas
- Everett Marshlands Restoration
- Everett Riverfront Wetlands
- Fir Island Farm Restoration
- Fisher Slough Restoration
- Island Unit Estuary Restoration
- Leque Island Restoration
- Marysville Mitigation Site
- Maulsby Mudflat Reconnection and Restoration
- Mid-spencer Island Restoration
- Milltown Island Restoration
- Nisqually Refuge Restoration
- North Ebey Island Restoration
- Port Susan Restoration
- Qwuloolt Restoration
- Red Salmon Slough Restoration
- Skokomish Delta Restoration
- Smith Island Restoration
- Snohomish Delta Ecosystem Monitoring and Evaluation
- Snohomish Estuary Restoration Effects on Temperature, Salinity, and Tides
- Spencer Island Restoration
- Steamboat Slough Mitigation Site
- Swinomish Slough Restoration
- Three Crabs Restoration
- Tide Gate Effects Analysis
- Tulalip Landfill Cleanup
- Union Slough Mitigation
- Union Slough Restoration
- Whidbey Basin Estuary Restoration Monitoring
- Wiley Slough Restoration
- Zis a Ba Restoration
Other Efforts
- Chinook Response to Estuary Restoration
- Coastal Blue Carbon Project
- Coastal Resilience to Climate Change
- Delta Metrics Project
- Estuary science to support adaptive management (Salish Sea 2011)
- Fuller 2014 DRAFT Stillaguamish sediment reuse meeting agenda
- Juvenile salmon response to landscape connectivity change within two Puget Sound river estuaries
- Nearshore Strategies Analysis
- Nisqually Delta Distributary Restoration Pre-design
- Nisqually River Delta Sediment Budget and Assessment of Opportunities to Recovery Sediment Supply to Sustain Marsh
- Predicting Rates of Channel Development
- Predicting Sea Level Rise Impacts on Ag Production
- Puget Sound Large River Delta Tidal Restriction and Wetland Mapping
- Puget Sound Marine Riparian Mapping
- Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project
- Puget Sound Tidal Restriction and Wetland Mapping
- River Delta Consortium
- Skagit Delta Tidegates and Fish Initiative
- Skagit Farm, Fish and Flood Initiative
- Snohomish Agricultural Resilience
- Snohomish Agriculture Resilience Plan
- Stillaguamish Delta Dredged Sediment Re-use
- Stillaguamish Delta Dynamics Affecting Restoration
- Tidal Channel Reference Model
River Delta Documents
Geophysical
- Arcos 2012 skokomish channel stability
- Athearn et al 2010 mapping elevation lidar vs sonar
- Czuba et al 2011 sediment budgets in puget sound rivers
- Dalrymple & Choi 2007 tidal delta framework
- De Leeuw et al. 1991 factors affecting intertidal salinity gradient
- Edmonds & Slingerland 2007 delta distributary bifurcation from bar formation
- Fagherazzi et al 2012 salt marsh evolution models
- French & Stoddart 1992 marsh hydraulics
- Fuller 2014 stillaguamish dredged sediment reuse
- Fuller 2015 stillaguamish pore water salinity memo
- Fuller et al 2011 using sea level rise model results
- Grossman 2013 skokomish survey notes
- Grossman 2022 nisqually marsh sediment supply summary
- Grossman et al 2011 skagit shallow stratigraphy
- Guthrie 2012 tidal fresh swamp revegetation
- Hood 2002 channel allometry
- Hood 2006 tidal channel formation as depositional
- Hood 2007 tidal channel and island area
- Hood 2007 wood and skagit delta shrub swamp
- Hood 2010 delta distributary avulsion theory in skagit river
- Hood 2012 tidal channel reference model
- Hood 2013 channel geometry model
- Hood 2014 natural tidal channel model
- Hood 2015 factors affecting tidal channel geometry
- Kirwan & Guntenspergen 2010 tidal range and marshland stability
- Kirwan & Murray 2007 tidal marsh evolution model
- Kirwan et al 2008 goose impacts on delta wetlands
- Morris 2007 biomass affects salt marsh accretion
- Mudd et al 2009 tidal marsh, sea level, productivty and carbon
- Syvitski et al 2005 distributary channels and sediment dispersal
- TNC 2014 port susan monitoring progress.pdf
- Temmerman et al 2005 vegetation effects on sediment routing
- Williams et al 2002 hydraulic geometry
- Yang & Khangaonkar 2008 modeling tidal circulation and stratification skagit bay
- Yang and Khangaonkar 2009 modeling tidal circulation and stratification skagit bay
- Yang et al. 2010 hydrodynamic and ecological assessment of nearshore restoration
- Yang et al 2011 model flood and tide
Biological/Ecological
- Beamer 2014 nisqually connectivity effects on salmon density
- Beamer 2016 fisher slough restoration effectiveness
- Beamer et al 2006 deepwater slough effectiveness
- Beamer et al 2007 fish assemblage greater skagit delta
- Beamer et al 2013 fisher slough fish monitoring 2011
- Beamer et al 2013 fisher slough fish monitoring 2012
- Beck et al 2001 estuarine nursery conservation
- Beechie et al 2017 salmon habitat status monitoring
- Cereghino 2007 qwuloolt wetland assessment
- City of Everett 2001 snohomish estuary wetland salmon overlay
- Cornu et al 2008 large wood placement in tidal wetlands
- Crain et al 2004 mechanisms driving salt marsh composition
- Dalrymple & Choi 2007 tidal delta framework
- David et al 2014 chinook salmon foraging nisqually after restoration
- De Leeuw et al. 1991 factors affecting intertidal salinity gradient
- Dethier 1990 puget sound shoreline classification
- Eilers 1974 nehalem marsh biogeography
- Ewing 1986 skagit tidal marsh productivity
- Fagherazzi et al 2012 salt marsh evolution models
- Frenkel & Eilers 1976 upper limit of oregon tidal marsh
- Frenkel & Morlan 1990 salmon river salt marsh restoration
- Fresh 2006 juvenile salmon in nearshore
- Fuller 2014 stillaguamish dredged sediment reuse
- Fuller et al 2011 using sea level rise model results
- Greene & Beamer 2005 skagit delta recovery plan analysis
- Greene & Beamer 2011 skagit intensively monitored watershed report
- Greene et al 2012 effects of tidegates on fish
- Greene et al 2021 chinook salmon estuary density dependance
- Grossman 2022 nisqually marsh sediment supply summary
- Grossman et al 2011 skagit shallow stratigraphy
- Guthrie 2012 tidal fresh swamp revegetation
- Hall et al 2019 DRAFT snohomish monitoring plan
- Hayes et al. 2019 non-natal marine basin use
- Hood 2002 channel geometry effect on invertebrates
- Hood 2007 wood and skagit delta shrub swamp
- Hughes et al 2014 nursery functions of estuaries
- Hutchinson 1988 salt tolerance of plants
- Jefferson 1974 oregon salt marsh communities
- Kirwan & Murray 2007 tidal marsh evolution model
- Kirwan et al 2008 goose impacts on delta wetlands
- Lyons & Ramsey 2013 tide gate synthesis
- Morris 2007 biomass affects salt marsh accretion
- Morris et al 2002 coastal wetland sea level rise
- Mudd et al 2009 tidal marsh, sea level, productivty and carbon
- Quinn et al 2013 coho salmon elwha delta pre restoration
- Rossenkotter et al 2007 nearshore salmon recovery gap analysis
- SDHP 2014 skagit hydrodynamic model report
- Simenstad & Cordell 2000 habitat assessment for salmon
- Simenstad et al 1982 role of estuaries in salmon life history
- Simenstad et al 2004 urban estuary restoration challenge
- Smith et al 2005 tide gate salmon recovery analysis skagit
- Snohomish County 2020 smith and mid-spencer monitoring year 0-1
- TNC 2011 fisher slough monitoring baseline report
- TNC 2014 port susan monitoring progress.pdf
- Takekawa & Woo 2013 niqually delta monitoring proposal.pdf
All River Delta Documents
- Arcos 2012 skokomish channel stability
- Athearn et al 2010 mapping elevation lidar vs sonar
- Baek et al 2015 mid-spencer 60% design
- Baker et al 2016 estuary restoration lessons learned
- Barber 2014 vegetation and sediment at port susan
- Beamer 2014 nisqually connectivity effects on salmon density
- Beamer 2016 fisher slough restoration effectiveness
- Beamer et al 2006 deepwater slough effectiveness
- Beamer et al 2007 fish assemblage greater skagit delta
- Beamer et al 2013 fisher slough fish monitoring 2011
- Beamer et al 2013 fisher slough fish monitoring 2012
- Beamer et al 2018 fir island farms fish monitoring 2015-18
- Beck et al 2001 estuarine nursery conservation
- Beechie et al 2017 salmon habitat status monitoring
- Boyd 2013 fisher slough monitoring lessons
- Boyd 2016 hat slough & fisher slough lessons learned
- Breslow 2001 farmer perception of salmon recovery
- CLAMP 2009 capitol lake steering committee recommendation
- Cereghino 2007 qwuloolt wetland assessment
- Cereghino 2013 delta metrics exploratory analysis
- Cereghino 2015 accelerating estuary restoration
- Cereghino 2015 coordinated investment snohomish framework
- Cereghino 2021 delta adaptive management draft (2010-13)
- City of Everett 2001 snohomish estuary wetland salmon overlay
- Collins & Sheik 2005 reconstruction of puget sound tidal marsh
- Cornu et al 2008 large wood placement in tidal wetlands
- Crain et al 2004 mechanisms driving salt marsh composition
- Czuba et al 2011 sediment budgets in puget sound rivers
- Dalrymple & Choi 2007 tidal delta framework
- David et al 2014 chinook salmon foraging nisqually after restoration
- De Leeuw et al. 1991 factors affecting intertidal salinity gradient
- Dean 2011 farm succession strategies
- Dethier 1990 puget sound shoreline classification
- ESRP 2012 red salmon slough revegetation deliverables
- Edmonds & Slingerland 2007 delta distributary bifurcation from bar formation
- Eilers 1974 nehalem marsh biogeography
- Elefant et al 2019 stillaguamish flood control district sedimentation and subsidence
- Ellings 2011 Nisqually Monitoring Framework
- Ewing 1986 skagit tidal marsh productivity
- Fagherazzi et al 2012 salt marsh evolution models
- Brophy & van de Wetering 2012 ni-les'ton tidal wetland restoration monitoring.pdf
- Cereghino 2014 delta consortium memo to watershed leads.pdf
- Griffith & Fuller 2012 stillaguamish delta restoration target DRAFT.pdf
- TNC 2012 port susan restoration as-built plans.pdf
- TNC 2012 port susan stewardship plan.pdf
- TNC 2014 port susan monitoring progress.pdf
- TNC 2017 fisher slough restoration summary.pdf
- Takekawa & Woo 2013 niqually delta monitoring proposal.pdf
- USACE 2011 qwuloolt environmental assessment.pdf
- WDFW 2015 delta restoration replacement lands.pdf
- WWAA et al 2008 tidegates and fish initiative agreeement.pdf
- Weinerman et al 2012 fisher slough economic benefits.pdf
- Woo et al 2011 port susan monitoring plan.pdf
- Wright 2021 integrated floodplain management puget sound.pdf
- Yang & Khangaonkar 2007.pdf
- Zu Ermgassen et al 2016 oyster restoration objectives for ecosystem services.pdf
- French & Stoddart 1992 marsh hydraulics
- Frenkel & Eilers 1976 upper limit of oregon tidal marsh
- Frenkel & Morlan 1990 salmon river salt marsh restoration
- Fresh 2006 juvenile salmon in nearshore
- Fresh et al 2004 guidance restoration protection
- Friebel 2016 fir island farms lessons learned
- Fuller & McArdle 2014 marsh erosion at stillaguamish delta
- Fuller 2014 DRAFT Stillaguamish sediment reuse meeting agenda
- Fuller 2014 stillaguamish dredged sediment reuse
- Fuller 2015 stillaguamish pore water salinity memo
- Fuller 2018 ESRP Webinar restoration stress resilience climate change Stillaguamish lessons
- Fuller 2018 tnc port susan bay final monitoring report
- Fuller et al 2011 using sea level rise model results
- Fuller et al 2014 port susan monitoring report
- Gelfenbaum et al 2006 nearshore research strategy
- Goetz et al 2004 PSNERP restoration principles
- Greene & Beamer 2005 skagit delta recovery plan analysis
- Greene & Beamer 2011 skagit intensively monitored watershed report
- Greene et al 2012 effects of tidegates on fish
- Greene et al 2021 chinook salmon estuary density dependance
- Grossman 2013 skokomish survey notes
- Grossman 2022 nisqually marsh sediment supply summary
- Grossman et al 2011 skagit shallow stratigraphy
- Guthrie 2012 tidal fresh swamp revegetation
- Habitat Strategic Initiative 2021 estuary and floodplain implementation strategy
- Hall et al 2019 DRAFT snohomish monitoring plan
- Hayes et al. 2019 non-natal marine basin use
- Hinton & Hood 2007 proposal for monitoring to test design tools
- Hood 2002 channel allometry
- Hood 2002 channel geometry effect on invertebrates
- Hood 2006 tidal channel formation as depositional
- Hood 2007 tidal channel and island area
- Hood 2007 wood and skagit delta shrub swamp
- Hood 2009 skagit monitoring strategy
- Hood 2010 delta distributary avulsion theory in skagit river
- Hood 2012 beaver in tidal marsh
- Hood 2012 tidal channel reference model
- Hood 2013 channel geometry model
- Hood 2014 natural tidal channel model
- Hood 2015 factors affecting tidal channel geometry
- Hood 2019 fir island farms monitoring yr3
- Hughes et al 2014 nursery functions of estuaries
- Hutchinson 1988 salt tolerance of plants
- Jefferson 1974 oregon salt marsh communities
- Kirwan & Guntenspergen 2010 tidal range and marshland stability
- Kirwan & Murray 2007 tidal marsh evolution model
- Kirwan et al 2008 goose impacts on delta wetlands
- Lipsky 2010 whidbey stakeholder preferences
- Lyons & Ramsey 2013 tide gate synthesis
- MacDonald et al 2013 elwha nearshore workshop proceedings
- Meidev & Neslon 2016 qwuloolt lessons learned
- Morris 2007 biomass affects salt marsh accretion
- Morris et al 2002 coastal wetland sea level rise
- Mudd et al 2009 tidal marsh, sea level, productivty and carbon
- PGG 2012 leque island restoration camano island groundwater
- PWA 2008 deschutes estuary restoration feasibility
- PWA et al 2004 fir island connector assessment
- Parametrix 2010 fisher slough monitoring plan
- Porrini 2018 fir island farms invertebrate monitoring
- Quinn et al 2013 coho salmon elwha delta pre restoration
- Rice 2011 DRAFT qwuloolt monitoring plan
- Roegner et al 2008 columbia river estuary restoration monitoring protocols
- Rossenkotter et al 2007 nearshore salmon recovery gap analysis
- SDHP 2014 skagit hydrodynamic model report
- Schlenger et al 2011 PSNERP strategic needs assessment
- Shannon & Wilson Inc 2011 fir island farms feasibility study
- Shipman 2008 puget sound landform
- Simenstad & Cordell 2000 habitat assessment for salmon
- Simenstad et al 1982 role of estuaries in salmon life history
- Simenstad et al 2004 urban estuary restoration challenge
- Smith et al 2005 tide gate salmon recovery analysis skagit
- SnoCD 2016 DRAFT climate change effects on agricultural drainage proposal
- Snohomish County 2015 diking district 6 maintenance
- Snohomish County 2020 smith and mid-spencer monitoring year 0-1
- Syvitski et al 2005 distributary channels and sediment dispersal
- TNC 2011 fisher slough monitoring baseline report
- Temmerman et al 2005 vegetation effects on sediment routing
- Williams et al 2002 hydraulic geometry
- Yang & Khangaonkar 2008 modeling tidal circulation and stratification skagit bay
- Yang and Khangaonkar 2009 modeling tidal circulation and stratification skagit bay
- Yang et al 2011 model flood and tide
- Yang et al. 2010 hydrodynamic and ecological assessment of nearshore restoration
