Vegetation and Revegetation
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The Plant Kingdom and its soils form the green skin of the earth, and a pool of biodiversity. Vegetation provides food and resources described in Agriculture and Agroforestry. As a forested Ecoregion with a significant land base being managed for fiber production Forestry is an important topic. Riparian Buffering Functions are particularly important for acquatic habitats, and more braodly, vegetation mediates the Hydrology on a watershed scale. Revegetation is a broad term that describes a variety of practices that we use to modify the structural or compositional qualities of vegetation.
A typical revegetation effort involves three general components: 1) disturbances to create or sustain a niche in which to introduce new species, 2) introduction of that species onto the site with seeds, cuttings, or rooted stock, and 3) some kind of aftercare, such as supplemental water and nutrients, or additional disturbances to favor the introduced species. While we are focused on discrete projects, revegetation occurs in the context of natural vegetative evolution, driven by climate, hydrology, genetics, dispersal, competition, stress, and ongoing disturbance regimes. This page is a master topic page to organize information on the wiki to support revegetation practice.
Species Identification
Being able to systematically identify plant species is the building block for
- Plant Identification provides an overview of resources and tools for identifying species in the plant kingdom.
- The Ecosystem Guild has a native plant list (on a Google Sheet) that integrates USACE wetland indicators and site indicators published by Klinka et al 1989.
Understanding Vegetation Among Landforms
Vegetation varies systematically based on landscape position. which affects the soil parent material and hydrology. The first question at any site, are what are the viable natural vegetations for this landscape position. Resources that observe natural vegetation patterns support this work, and improve a practitioners ability to make observations in the field. A number of general resource consider vegetation across landform.
- DNR Natural Heritage Program provides a range of reports describing composition of natural vegetation.
- Klinka et al 1989 is a seminal description of factors suggested by the presence of species.
- Washington Native Plant Society publishes plant lists that support reference site identification and evaluation.
- File:Cereghino 2009 revegetation nearshore.pdf provides an 11-page introduction to revegetation practice developed for Salish Sea nearshore environments.
- File:Aubry & Potash 2007 olympic native plant notebook.pdf is perhaps the best free reference produced in our region on the mechanics of revegetation.
Uplands and Forests
- File:Chappell 2004 upland plan associations puget trough.pdf - in particular provides a voluminous list of common co-occurring plant communities observed in lowland Puget Sound.
Wetlands and Riparian
- In 2021 WDNRs Natural Heritage Program is still developing its long awaited riparian and wetland classification. https://www.dnr.wa.gov/NHPwetlands
- File:Kunze 1994 puget sound lowland wetland vegetation.pdf describes a Western Washington lowland wetland classification.
Riparian
- Cramer et al 2012 provides a detailed discussion of riparian vegetation management for fishery restoration.
- Windrope et al 2020 provides management recommendations on Riparian Buffering Functions and is intended as an update to Knutson & Naef 1997 and as a policy interpretation of Quinn et al 2018
Barrier Beach
- Guttman 2009 describes backshore Beach vegetation in South Puget Sound and observes patterns in relations to large wood.
Tidal Wetlands
- Kunze 1984 describes an inventory of high quality tidal marsh reference sites around Puget Sound.
- Kunze & Cornelius 1982 provides a similar resource for tidal wetlands on the Washington outer coast.
- Jefferson 1974 provides a seminal overview of Oregon coastal marsh composition over elevation and environmental controls which includes species common in the Salish Sea.
- Eilers 1974 provides a detailed analysis of a estuarine island.
Freshwater Tidal
There are notably few resources for designing composition and structure of freshwater tidal vegetation.
- Kunze & Cornelius 1982 provides a characterization of community composition in columbia river "surge plain" wetlands.
- File:Cereghino 2004 freshwater tidal revegetation zones.pdf offers an analysis of freshwater tidal data using inundation duration as a basis for zonation as a surrogate for redox.
Disturbance and Soil Restoration
How to we create a niche in the field that is suitable for propagation?
- Soil Restoration - on sites with severe distrubance, reinitiation of soil structures and processes may be critical to rapidly establishing vegetation.
- Mulching Strategies - surface application of organic material has the dual function of supressing existing vegetation and fueling soil processes.
- Tillage Strategies - for millennia, tillage has been used to create niches for introducing plants. Now we have machines.
Introduced Species Control
A substantial effort within the revegetation community involves the application of herbicide in an attempt to control the spread of non-indigenous species, often followed by afforestation. So far, information on the wiki is organized around specific species, or topics:
- Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass)
- Polygonum
- Blackberry Conversion
- File:ESA 2022 invasive species & salmon recovery snohomish.pdf provides an unusual consideration of how invasive species control relates to the forest health which is part of Salmon Recovery.
Propagation and Planting Technique
How do we efficiently introduce species into a vegetation?
- Cutting and Livestake Production, Processing and Installation is a topic page focused on livestakes and use of unrooted cuttings in the field, and is currently holding materials for biotechnical erosion control.
- Herbivory Protection - describes strategies for reducing damage to new outplantings.
- Sites With Planting Plans - there are a wide variety of approaches and styles for developing planting plants in a restoration context, we hope to curate a set of sites with exemplary planting plans.
Aftercare Strategies
How to we favor target composition after propagation?
Regional Suppliers
The following workgroups provide materials with Salish Sea genetics
- Sound Native Plants - Olympia wholesale grower, designer and installer.
- Inside Passage Seeds
Evaluation and Monitoring
How do we qualitatively and quantitatively observe vegetation?
- Elzinga et al 1998 provides a strong basis in monitoring species populations as well as studying communities.
- Moore et al 2003 provides a multi-purpose restoration monitoring program developed by Snohomish County
- BLM 1999 provides a multi-agency manual for measuring various vegetation attributes.
- File:Cereghino 2009 introduction to vegetation monitoring.pdf - a introductory slide show talking about why and how to observe vegetation in restoration.
Species
Flora pages describe what we know about individual species listed by Genus using the "category:flora"
- File:Puettmann et al 1993 alder density management.pdf
- Alnus
- Quercus
- File:Hibbs 1996 red alder stand management.pdf
- Thuja
- File:Minore 1983 thuja plicata literature review.pdf
- File:Vance et al 2001 non timber forest products.pdf
- Polygonum
- Cornus sericea
- Urtica dioica
- Fraxinus
- Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass)
- Fallopia japonica (knotweed)
Other Vegetation Pages
Vegetation describe documents and topics related to vegetation dynamics
- File:Darris 2002 native plant cuttings.pdf
- File:Bentrup & Hoag 1998 practical stream bioengineering guide.pdf
- File:Allen & Leech 1997 bioengineering for streams USACE.pdf
- Cutting and Livestake Production, Processing and Installation
- File:Hartema et al 2015 willow livestake diameter in reed canarygrass.pdf
- File:Gilkey & Packard 1962 oregon winter twig identification.pdf
- Bull Kelp
- Burdick et al 2001 salinity affects phragmites
- Crain et al 2004 mechanisms driving salt marsh composition
- De Leeuw et al. 1991 factors affecting intertidal salinity gradient
- Delta sediment dynamics and vegetation
- Eilers 1974 nehalem marsh biogeography
- Ewing 1986 skagit tidal marsh productivity
- Factors preventing development of productive delta marsh vegetation
- Fagherazzi et al 2012 salt marsh evolution models
- High Resolution Aerial Imagery Change Detection
- Seed Rain
- Hutchinson 1988 salt tolerance of plants
- Kirwan & Murray 2007 tidal marsh evolution model
- Kirwan et al 2008 goose impacts on delta wetlands
- Klinka et al 1989 indicator plants British Columbia
- Land Cover and Development
- Moffat & Bending 2000 soil restoration loose tipping
- Morris 2007 biomass affects salt marsh accretion
- Morris et al 2002 coastal wetland sea level rise
- Mudd et al 2009 tidal marsh, sea level, productivty and carbon
- Murcia et al 2014 novel ecosystem critique
- Quercus
- Simenstad et al 2004 urban estuary restoration challenge
- Viability of assisted vs. unassisted development of tidal fresh swamp
- File:Aubry & Potash 2007 olympic native plant notebook.pdf
- File:Celedonia 2002 forest and scrub-shrub restoration benchmarks.pdf
- File:Cereghino 2004 native cutting thesis presentation.pdf
- File:Cereghino 2004 native cutting thesis.pdf
- File:Cereghino 2009 revegetation nearshore.pdf
- File:Chappell 2004 terrestrial plant associations Puget trough.pdf
- File:Chappell 2004 upland plan associations puget trough.pdf
- File:Guttman 2009 backshore vegetation.pdf
- File:Hibbs 1996 red alder stand management.pdf
- File:Hill 2002 keyline yeomans and whole farm design.pdf
- File:Kunze & Cornelius 1982 washington outer coast vegetation baseline.pdf
- File:Kunze 1994 puget sound lowland wetland vegetation.pdf
- File:Pierce 2011 high resolution aerial imagery change detection.pdf
- File:Smart & Dick 1999 propagate establish wetland plants.pdf
- Category:Flora
- Category:Delta sediment dynamics and vegetation
- File:Crowder & Darris 1999 produce cuttings in beds.pdf
- File:Darris 2006 suggestions for cutting installation.pdf
- File:Cereghino 2019 summary of cutting bed installation seattle.pdf
- File:Polster 2002 soil bioengineering techniques.pdf
- File:Giordanengo & Mandel 2016 willow and cottonwood installation.pdf
- File:Hartema et al 2018 willow pole diameter in reed canarygrass.pdf
- Category:Eelgrass
- Vegetation Effects on Insects
- Soil Restoration
- Plant Identification
- Herbivory Protection
- File:Watershed Company 2021 WCC restoration methods evaluation.pdf
- North Sound Riparian Conference
- File:Cereghino 2009 introduction to vegetation monitoring.pdf
- Regenerative Riverscape Agroforestry
- Blackberry Conversion
- File:Doghair alder.jpg
- File:Dense willow planting.jpg
- Polygonum
- Urgenson et al 2009 giant knotweed implications
- Grimsby et al 2007 knotweed sexual or clonal
- The Ecosystem Guild/Knotweed Control Experiments
- File:Soll 2004 controlling knotweed in pacific northwest.pdf
- File:Bentrup 2008 conservation buffer design guidelines.pdf
- Naiman et al 2010 process-based floodplain forest patterns
- Collins et al 2012 floodplain large wood cycle
- Schroeder 2019 reconstructed pre-settlement forest puget sound
- Vegetation Processes
- Carbon Sequestration
- Native Riverscape Agroforestry/Design Toolkit
- Glyphosate
- Kanissery et al 2019 glyphosate persistence and impacts on soil health
- File:Moore et al 2003 vegetation monitoring manual.pdf
- File:BLM 1999 sampling vegetation attributes.pdf
- Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass)
- File:Silver 2021 phalaris reed canarygrass control.pdf
- File:ESA 2022 invasive species & salmon recovery snohomish.pdf
- Fallopia japonica (knotweed)
- Temporary Water Right for Restoration
