View source for The Ecosystem Guild/Tending Steward

{{effort}}[[category:Revegetation]][[category:Restoration]][[category:Education]]
'''See also [[The Ecosystem Guild/Site Steward Apprenticeship]] and [[The Ecosystem Guild/Bio-Cultural Restoration Field Stations]]'''

'''As part of [[Biocultural Restoration Field Stations]] the partners of [[The Ecosystem Guild]] are making effort to develop the skills of some participants to become "Tending Stewards"--people that have the skills and strategies to lead work in regenerating ecosystems to achieve multiple benefits for their communities. This integrates skills currently developed for [[Agriculture]], [[Agroforestry]], [[Wildcrafting]], and [[Revegetation]].

'''To organize these skills useful we build around the process of work. First we benefit from understanding the [[Salish Sea]] landscape context. This helps us develop ways of thinking and seeing, and refine our purposes for doing work. Then we assess an actual ecological and social system we are working in, to figure out where and how those purposes can be fulfilled. Next, secure the resources necessary to work at a site. Then we are able to design specific interventions at a "[[Landscape Scales|patch scale]]", the only scale at which we physically operate. Finally, we do the work and observe the results. This resource base presumes that the work of [[Community Stewards]] to bring volunteers onto other peoples lands, and [[Camp Stewards]] to establish hospitable temporary work sites are also being met.'''

#'''Contextual Knowledge''' - The big picture of Southern Salish Sea climate, geology and ecology, and how colonization changed land use and ecosystem functions.
#'''Landscape Assessment''' - where we consider how to assess a place at a meaningful ecological scale (typically [[Landform Scale]] where we might restore ecosystem functions.
#'''Tool Selection''' - our capacities are defined by our tools. Most restoration shops have limited tool resources, that in turn define their capabilities.
#'''Patch Design''' - where we finally develop a scope and sequence of work to modify a piece of a landform.
#'''Procurement of Stock''' - this includes both buying plant bare-root or in pots, but also salvage, donor site management, seed collection, and other non-market activities.
#'''Field Work''' - where we use tools to do work and observe to learn.
#'''Record-keeping and Learning''' - Record keeping is largely designed to address cultural limitations to learning about ecosystems.

Work often doesn't happen in tha purely linear way, and over the course of work, we iterate, continuously revisiting earlier steps, and improving through continuous learning (see [[Adaptive Management]].

This approach informed by the integration of several frameworks:
*We use [[Holistic Management]] decision concepts, making an inventory of assets, with the purpose of achieving a target future landscape condition, that meets the needs of all rights-holders. 
*We explore ecosystem restoration and tending in the context of generating multiple [[Forms of Capital]] with the goal of achieving some form of [[Biocultural Restoration]].
*We are trying to embrace the [[SER]] principles of restoration as described in [[Gann et al 2019]], while carefully considering how to [[Integrating SER Standards into Wiki Structures|meaningfully embrace these general standards in a complex landscape, in the midst of a rapidly evolving multi-generational ecosystem recovery effort]].
*We are also inspired by frameworks proposed by the [[Commonland Fundation]].

This resource includes some links to copyrighted publications not posted on the wiki, and access must be personally requested as a fair use from [[User:Pcereghino|Paul Cereghino]] ([[User talk:Pcereghino|talk]])

==1. Context==
All riparian restoration occurs at a [[Landscape Scales|Patch Scale]], however each patch exists within a landscape context. [https://ecosystemguild.org/2018/09/29/systems-assessment-stewardship-design/ Cereghino 2018] provides a detailed conceptual framework for assessment. That way of thinking is pretty abstract. Below are some topics essential to the work and some resources that are more practical.

====1.1 Best Available Science====
Restoring stream and wetlands landscapes requires the integration of diverse areas of specialized knowledge. For this reason restoration is an interdisciplinary practice. Holding a jumble of different pieces of knowledge doesn't mean you assembled a craft. These are starting points, and iteration between field practice and science is particularly important.
*'''Climate''' - There are many online materials describing climate. I provide a variety of chapters from [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ov4L-vBiwmkIwYbX8QZZzc9p_RQQm4KFcL-AjMorfd0/edit?usp=share_link Paul's Library] that interpret our climate. In addition the [https://ecosystemguild.org/the-eight-season-year-2/ Eight Season Year] is my own interpretation, and is expanded in [https://ecosystemguild.org/2018/11/27/cycles-plant-soil-work/ The Cycles of Plant-Soil Work].
*'''Landform''' - The topography of Puget Sound, when exposed to the deluge of rain, creates a pattern of ecosystems, each with a distinct set of processes. I am unaware of good resources that provide an overview and interpretation of Puget Sound landforms, but it is overdue, perhaps beginning with a not-yet-created [[Landforms]] page. [[Ecosystems]] introduces the landform taxonomy used in the wiki. The [[PSNERP]] study, particularly [[Shipman 2008]] offers nearshore landforms. Hydrogeomorphic Wetland Classification begins to pull apart various kinds of "floodplains" (all lakes and wetlands are essentially flood plains.) [[Montgomery 1999]] introduces "process domains" along the river continuum. 
*'''Soils''' - The [[Soils]] page contains a range of free resources.
*'''Vegetation Ecology''' - [[Vegetation and Revegetation]] is a good starting place on the wiki. I think it is also important to understand [[Grimes 2006]] and its implications. Among local assessments, I'd recommend the opening of [[Klinka et al 1989]] which can be requested from [https://drive.google.com/file/d/19ElS_XrA28MG8hduX2XbHstTHm9Xr60W/view?usp=share_link Paul's Library].
*'''Environmental Horticulture''' - This is a useful topic, because it helps us interpret plant physiology through the lens of being a victim of horticulture, which involves a unique range of tortures and tests for plants.
*'''Riparian Best Available Science''' - [[WDFW]] has produced the authoritative guide [[
*'''Wetland Best Available Science''' - Wetland science is important because the hydrologic gradient and the unique dynamics of saturated environments is so important in aquatic ecosystems.

====1.2 History of Colonization====
The current pattern of land use has been modified by an ongoing process of colonization, where an industrial template is being applied incrementally to replace [[bioregionally evolved systems]] with standard forms of [[land use]] based on a global industrial production model. To understand local context, it is useful to notice the intensity and severity of this change, and select a strategy that is well matched to actual ecosystem state.
*'''Beaver Eradication''' - The scorched earth retreat of British Fur Traders resulted in radical extirpation of [[Beaver]] populations, followed by a perpetual conflict with [[Transportation Networks]] and [[Agricultural Drainage Systems]].
*'''Tribal Ethnic Cleansing''' - Settlers ruthlessly degraded tribal rights to land access, transportation systems, communal living, fishing, hunting and gathering and destroyed their land use systems ([[Clam Farms]], [[Indigenous Forest Gardens]], [[Prairie and Oak Woodland]], [[Indigenous Wetland Gardens]], [[Fish Weirs and Traps]], and [[Root Gardens]]) while simultaneously abusing the tribal communities that survived the epidemics as part of an overt plan to destroy tribal cultures. Survivors fight for treaty rights as part of modern [[Tribal Governments]].
*'''Deforestation''' - Ladnscape scale removal of old forest and switching to short rotation [[Forestry]] systems have modified [[Biodiversity]] and [[Hydrology]]
*'''Floodplain Simplification''' - [[Agricultural Development]] of [[Floodplains]] including removal of [[Wood in Streams]], deforestation, [[Agricultural Drainage Systems]], and construction of [[Flood Hazard Management]] infrastructure fundementally change river processes in the [[Channel Migration Zone]].
*'''Industrial Toxins''' - Areas with current or historical [[Industrial Landuse]] have a legacy of Post-WW2 toxins including [[Heavy Metal Contamination]], 
*'''Watershed Dehydration''' - The construction of [[Transportation Networks]] including ditches and culverts, naturally accelerates water drainage. Combined with [[Agricultural Drainage Systems]] we have reduced winter water storage and [[Groundwater]] recharge, increasing various kinds of Summer Drought, as well as 
*'''Modern Toxins''' - we become familiar with a wide range of toxins that come from road runoff ([[Copper]], [[Zinc]], [[Coho Mortality from Road Stormwater|6PPDq impacts]] and [[Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons]], as well as the modern cocktail of residential effluent ([[Microplastics]], [[Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)]], [[Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers]] and other novel materials.
*Climate Change

====1.3 Place-Based Knowledge====
A variety of knowledges are developed and retained thorugh proceses other than quantitative analysis. These include [[Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Indigenous Science]]. We explore this territory as we can, and also acknowledge the risk of fetishizing knowledge from some more enlightened source, and encourage thorough questioning of all sources of knowledge, and consideration of the concept of ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Eyed_Seeing Two-eyed seeing]''.

==2. Landscape Assessment==
While restoration involves people working in ecosystems, their ideas are motivated by institutions and ideas in their heads. Both human systems and ecological systems need to be part of the landscape assessment, or they will be factors that are either ignored or assumed.

===Sociological Landscape===
We do ecosystem work, because someone is willing to pay for ecosystem work. To ignore this part of the pattern, only focusing on subsidiary narratives (where individual institutions make a value proposition in order to justify programs) does not help you become aware of the range of competing narratives, and the structure of the social systems that drive on-the-ground activities. To make sense of how we work in landscapes, we need to understand the social systems that compel that work, and direct our attention and energy by offering or withholding resources.

'''Tensions''' - people do work in aquatic ecosystems for a reason. Those reasons drive public and private funding for implementation. Securing resources depends on framing proposed work in the context of what I will call "tensions". In this case, "tensions" are the perceived problems which enabled the creation of public authorities which compel work.
**Endangered Species Act & Salmon Recovery - In 1999, Puget Sound [[Chinook Salmon]] were listed as threatened with extinction in Puget Sound, followed by [[Hood Canal Summer Chum Salmon]], [[Southern Resident Killer Whale]], [[Puget Sound Bulltrout]], [[Puget Sound Steelhead Salmon]]. This initiated a program of Salmon Recovery.
**'''Puget Sound Estuary Recovery'''
**'''Water Quality Concerns'''
**'''Tribal Treaty Rights''' - In 2011 the NW 
**'''Private Property Rights'''
**'''Farmland Preservation'''
**'''Environmental Policy Acts''' - Both [[SEPA]] and [[NEPA]] govern state and federal actions. Most funding is provided by state and federal agencies, funding is an "action" and so the effects of funding are governed by the State and National Environmental Policy Acts, which requires that agencies consider the effects of their actions.  This is a procedural law.

===The Funding System===
Riparian work is typically driven by a complex state and federal funding system. Considering how projects will be funded may be important in organizing planning, so that planning sets the stage for a site access and design effort that leads directly and efficiently to implementation.
*[[Planning and Funding Systems]] - provides an overview of funding sources in the Salish Sea.

===Ecological Landscape===
*Landform - post glacial landscape
*Hydrology
*Levels of Permanence
*Biogeographic Assessment and Climate Change
*Geomorphic Assessment
*Hydrologic Assessment
*Land Use Considerations
*Forest Health Assessment
*Properly functioning condition
*Wood budget and cycles
*Invasive species context
*Floodplain processes

===Assessment Frameworks===
There is not end to frameworks you can use to assess a conservation situation. Some frameworks are blunt and mechanistic. Other frameworks are broader and more philosophical. Matching the assessment method to the problem at hand is an art and craft. There is not standard method for assessment 
*[[Open Standards for Conservation Practice]] - the open standards for conservation practice were developed by [[The Nature Conservancy]] and the [[World Wildlife Foundation]] to organize thinking about conservation intervention. By defining a systematic conceptual process, you can better present, plan, remember, and evaluate conservation activities. The [[Puget Sound Partnership]] uses in part the Miradi Platform, informed as a tool for Open Standards work, in its coordination of Puget Sound Recovery. The Open Standards are related to the DPSIR framework, widely adopted among European Agencies for evaluating complex systems.
*Ecosystem-based Restoration
*[[Process-based Restoration]] - Increasingly, science-based groups working in dynamic ecosystems like to consider "physiographic processes" in assessment, which are the physical processes which create the physical environment in which habitats form to which target species are adapted. Along shorelines, this work was advanced by [[PSNERP]] as exemplified in [[Goetz et al 2004]], and was referenced in freshwater environments in seminal papers like [[Montgomery 1999 process domains and river continuum]]. Process-based restoration has re-emerged in headwater systems in the context of [[Stage Zero Restoration]].
*[[Gann et al 2019]] - The Society for Ecological Restoration

==3. Steward Development==
Restoration entities are rarely the owners or direct managers of the land upon which they work. The restoration effort revolves around identifying a willing landowner or manager, and establishing a relationship that leads to restoration.

===Land Tenure===
A restoration operator needs some kind of formal agreement to do work on land. Generally, good quality restoration involving the most basic revegetation takes no less than five to seven years. Successional management of complex vegetation can take a lifetime. To reconstruct robust and ecologically resilient landscapes requires some kind of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_tenure land tenure].
*'''Parcel data''' - most jurisdictions have some kind of [[Local Government Map Resources|on-line map service]] that allows you to review property boundaries, regulated natural features, and aerial photographs. Usually these services let you observe County Assessor records, which includes the current parcel ownership.
*'''Outreach strategies'''
*'''Landowner preferences''' - A variety of programs have, over time, conducted surveys of landowners about whether and how they would like a government official helping them with stewardship. This provides insight into how people think about their land, ecosystems, and governments.
*'''Tenure Instruments''' - There are a range of typical ways that conservation interests establish tenure, the most common being: fee simple acquisition, conservation easements, leases, and landowner agreements.
*'''Buffer Conflicts''' - There has been a long history of social conflict around property rights, and the responsibilities of private land owners under local, state, federal law, including [[Tribal Governments|tribal rights assured under treaty]].

===Securing Resources===


==4. Patch Design==
Restoration occurs in patches, where the treatment scope and sequence responds to existing vegetation, canopy, soils and hydrologic conditions. The goal of patch design is to use the least effort to achieve the best outcomes. A treatment typically includes assessment, a target conditions, and then specifications for disturbance, propagation and aftercare.

===Assessment===
*Soils
*Canopy
*Hydrology
*Competing vegetation

===Target Conditions===
*Canopy Structure and Composition
*Species
*Managed succession

===Disturbance===
*Mowing
*Mulch
*Tillage
*Spot, Linear or Patch

===Propagation===
*Seed
*Cutting
*Division
*Bare root
*Potted

===Aftercare===
*Irrigation
*Mowing (& Mulch)



==5. Implementation and Evaluation==

*Timing and sequence
*Equipment and machinery
*Sourcing plant stock
*Storage and staging



===Related Pages===
*[[Revegetation]]
*[[Vegetation and Soils Methods]]
*[[Vegetation and Revegetation]]
*[[Riparian Buffering Functions]]