Vegetation and Revegetation

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Revegetation is a broad term that describes a variety of practices that we use to modifying vegetation. A typical revegetation effort involves three general components: a disturbance to create a niche to introduce new species, propagation of that species onto the site with seeds, cuttings, or rooted stock, and some kind of aftercare (either supplemental water and nutrients, or more disturbance) to favor the introduced species. While we are focused on discrete projects, revegetation occurs in the context of natural vegetation evolution, driven by climate, hydrology, genetics, dispersal, competition, stress, and ongoing disturbance regime. This page is a master topic page to organize information on the wiki to support revegetation practice.

Related Pages:

• Cutting and Livestake Production, Processing and Installation
• category:flora pages are used to gather information on individual plant species, organized by genus.

Shared Resources

• File:Aubry & Potash 2007 olympic native plant notebook.pdf is perhaps the best free reference produced in our region on revegetation.
• The Ecosystem Guild has a native plant list (link to Google Sheet) that integrates USACE wetland indicators and site indicators published by Klinka et al 1989.

Species Composition

Species composition is

• DNR Natural Heritage Program provides a range of reports describing composition of natural vegetation.
  • File:Chappell 2004 upland plan associations puget trough.pdf - in particular provides a voluminous list of common co-occurring plant communities observed in lowland puget sound.
• Klinka et al 1989 is a seminal description of factors suggested by the presence of species.
• Washington Native Plant Society publishes plant lists that support reference site identification and evaluation.
• Cutting Production is a topic page focused on livestakes and use of unrooted cuttings in the field.
• File:Cereghino 2009 revegetation nearshore.pdf provides an 11-page overview of revegetation practice developed for Salish Sea nearshore environments.

Soil Restoration

• Moffat & Bending 2000 describe methods for soil replacement to minimize compaction.

Freshwater Tidal

There are relatively few studies relevant to the design of freshwater tidal vegetation.

• Kunze & Cornelius 1982 provides a characterization of community composition in columbia river "surge plain" wetlands.
• File:Cereghino 2004 freshwater tidal revegetation zones.pdf offers an analysis of freshwater tidal data using inundation duration as a basis for zonation as a surrogate for redox.

Regional Suppliers

The following workgroups provide materials

• Sound Native Plants - Olympia wholesale grower, designer and installer.
• Inside Passage Seeds

Evaluation

The following resources support the monitoring and evaluation of revegetation efforts:

• Elzinga et al 1998 provides a strong basis in monitoring species populations as well as studying communities.

Species

Flora pages describe what we know about individual species listed by Genus

• File:Puettmann et al 1993 alder density management.pdf
• Alnus
• Quercus
• File:Hibbs 1996 red alder stand management.pdf
• Thuja
• File:Minore 1983 thuja plicata literature review.pdf
• File:Vance et al 2001 non timber forest products.pdf
• Polygonum
• Cornus sericea
• Urtica dioica
• Fraxinus
• Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass)
• Fallopia japonica (knotweed)

Species

Vegetation describe documents and topics related to vegetation dynamics

• File:Darris 2002 native plant cuttings.pdf
• File:Bentrup & Hoag 1998 practical stream bioengineering guide.pdf
• File:Allen & Leech 1997 bioengineering for streams USACE.pdf
• Cutting and Livestake Production, Processing and Installation
• File:Hartema et al 2015 willow livestake diameter in reed canarygrass.pdf
• File:Gilkey & Packard 1962 oregon winter twig identification.pdf
• Bull Kelp
• Burdick et al 2001 salinity affects phragmites
• Crain et al 2004 mechanisms driving salt marsh composition
• De Leeuw et al. 1991 factors affecting intertidal salinity gradient
• Delta sediment dynamics and vegetation
• Eilers 1974 nehalem marsh biogeography
• Ewing 1986 skagit tidal marsh productivity
• Factors preventing development of productive delta marsh vegetation
• Fagherazzi et al 2012 salt marsh evolution models
• High Resolution Aerial Imagery Change Detection
• Seed Rain
• Hutchinson 1988 salt tolerance of plants
• Kirwan & Murray 2007 tidal marsh evolution model
• Kirwan et al 2008 goose impacts on delta wetlands
• Klinka et al 1989 indicator plants British Columbia
• Land Cover and Development
• Moffat & Bending 2000 soil restoration loose tipping
• Morris 2007 biomass affects salt marsh accretion
• Morris et al 2002 coastal wetland sea level rise
• Mudd et al 2009 tidal marsh, sea level, productivty and carbon
• Murcia et al 2014 novel ecosystem critique
• Quercus
• Simenstad et al 2004 urban estuary restoration challenge
• Viability of assisted vs. unassisted development of tidal fresh swamp
• File:Aubry & Potash 2007 olympic native plant notebook.pdf
• File:Celedonia 2002 forest and scrub-shrub restoration benchmarks.pdf
• File:Cereghino 2004 native cutting thesis presentation.pdf
• File:Cereghino 2004 native cutting thesis.pdf
• File:Cereghino 2009 revegetation nearshore.pdf
• File:Chappell 2004 terrestrial plant associations Puget trough.pdf
• File:Chappell 2004 upland plan associations puget trough.pdf
• File:Guttman 2009 backshore vegetation.pdf
• File:Hibbs 1996 red alder stand management.pdf
• File:Hill 2002 keyline yeomans and whole farm design.pdf
• File:Kunze & Cornelius 1982 washington outer coast vegetation baseline.pdf
• File:Kunze 1994 puget sound lowland wetland vegetation.pdf
• File:Pierce 2011 high resolution aerial imagery change detection.pdf
• File:Smart & Dick 1999 propagate establish wetland plants.pdf
• Category:Flora
• File:Crowder & Darris 1999 produce cuttings in beds.pdf
• File:Darris 2006 suggestions for cutting installation.pdf
• File:Cereghino 2019 summary of cutting bed installation seattle.pdf
• File:Polster 2002 soil bioengineering techniques.pdf
• File:Giordanengo & Mandel 2016 willow and cottonwood installation.pdf
• File:Hartema et al 2018 willow pole diameter in reed canarygrass.pdf
• Category:Eelgrass
• Vegetation Effects on Insects
• Soil Restoration
• Plant Identification
• Herbivory Protection
• File:Watershed Company 2021 WCC restoration methods evaluation.pdf
• North Sound Riparian Conference
• File:Cereghino 2009 introduction to vegetation monitoring.pdf
• Regenerative Riverscape Agroforestry
• Blackberry Conversion
• File:Doghair alder.jpg
• File:Dense willow planting.jpg
• Polygonum
• Urgenson et al 2009 giant knotweed implications
• Grimsby et al 2007 knotweed sexual or clonal
• The Ecosystem Guild/Knotweed Control Experiments
• File:Soll 2004 controlling knotweed in pacific northwest.pdf
• File:Bentrup 2008 conservation buffer design guidelines.pdf
• Naiman et al 2010 process-based floodplain forest patterns
• Collins et al 2012 floodplain large wood cycle
• Schroeder 2019 reconstructed pre-settlement forest puget sound
• Vegetation Processes
• Carbon Sequestration
• Native Riverscape Agroforestry/Design Toolkit
• Glyphosate
• Kanissery et al 2019 glyphosate persistence and impacts on soil health
• File:Moore et al 2003 vegetation monitoring manual.pdf
• File:BLM 1999 sampling vegetation attributes.pdf
• Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass)
• File:Silver 2021 phalaris reed canarygrass control.pdf
• File:ESA 2022 invasive species & salmon recovery snohomish.pdf
• Fallopia japonica (knotweed)
• Temporary Water Right for Restoration Irrigation
• Nisqually River Delta Sediment Budget and Assessment of Opportunities to Recovery Sediment Supply to Sustain Marsh
• Juvenile salmon response to landscape connectivity change within two Puget Sound river estuaries
• Dalrymple & Choi 2007 tidal delta framework
• Chinook response to estuary restoration
• Nisqually Delta Distributary Restoration Pre-design
• Distributary configuration effects on delta sediment deposition
• Fringing marsh resilience, wave attenuation and flood management
• Stillaguamish Delta Restoration Pre-design
• Delta plain accretion rate among systems compared to sea level rise
• Hood 2007 wood and skagit delta shrub swamp
• Snohomish Delta Ecosystem Monitoring and Evaluation
• Effects of relict levees on sediment and debris deposition in delta systems
• Coastal Blue Carbon Project
• File:Grossman et al 2011 skagit shallow stratigraphy.pdf
• File:Guthrie 2012 tidal fresh swamp revegetation.pdf
• File:Fuller 2014 stillaguamish dredged sediment reuse.pdf
• File:Grossman ExecutiveSummary RecoveringSedimentToSustainDeltaMarsh.pdf
• File:SkagitNearshoreChange2010-1890 foto sm.jpg
• File:TNC 2014 port susan monitoring progress.pdf
• File:Fuller et al 2011 using sea level rise model results.pdf
• Frenkel & Eilers 1976 upper limit of oregon tidal marsh
• Jefferson 1974 oregon salt marsh communities
• Frenkel & Morlan 1990 salmon river salt marsh restoration
• Plants for the People Nursery
• File:Minore 1983 thuja plicata literature review.pdf
• File:Blackberries.jpg